One of the most important parts of the eye isn't a structure at all — it's an open space. It's the pupil of the eye.
Pupil Definition
The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris (the structure that gives our eyes their color). The function of the pupil is to allow light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to begin the process of sight.
Typically, the pupils appear perfectly round, equal in size and black in color. The black color is because light that passes through the pupil is absorbed by the retina and is not reflected back (in normal lighting).
If the pupil has a cloudy or pale color, typically this is because the lens of the eye (which is located directly behind the pupil) has become opaque due to the formation of a cataract. When the cloudy lens is replaced by a clear intraocular lens (IOL) during cataract surgery, the normal black appearance of the pupil is restored.
There's another common situation when the pupil of the eye changes color — when someone takes your photo using the camera's flash function. Depending on your direction of gaze when the photo is taken, your pupils might appear bright red. This is due to the intense light from the flash being reflected by the red color of the retina. [Read more about red eyes in photos and how to avoid them.]
Pupil Function
Together, the iris and pupil control how much light enters the eye. Using the analogy of a camera, the pupil is the aperture of the eye and the iris is the diaphragm that controls the size of the aperture.
The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles within the iris — one muscle constricts the pupil opening (makes it smaller), and another iris muscle dilates the pupil (makes it larger). This dynamic process of muscle action within the iris controls how much light enters the eye through the pupil.
In low-light conditions, the pupil dilates so more light can reach the retina to improve night vision. In bright conditions, the pupil constricts to limit how much light enters the eye (too much light can cause glare and discomfort, and it may even damage the lens and retina).
Pupil Size
The size of the pupil varies from person to person. Some people have large pupils, and some people have small pupils. Also, pupil size changes with age — children and young adults tend to have large pupils, and seniors usually have small pupils.
Generally, normal pupil size in adults ranges from 2 to 4 millimeters (mm) in diameter in bright light to 4 to 8 mm in the dark.
In addition to being affected by light, both pupils normally constrict when you focus on a near object. This is called the accommodative pupillary response.
RELATED READING : Eye accommodation
Pupil Testing
During a routine eye exam, your eye doctor or an assistant will inspect your pupils and perform testing of pupil function.
Typically, pupil testing is performed in a dimly lit room. While you are looking at a distant object, the examiner will briefly direct the beam of a small flashlight at one of your eyes a few times. While doing this, the response of the pupil of both eyes is observed.
The observer typically will then alternately direct the light at each eye and again observe the pupil responses of both eyes. This is called Marcus Gunn pupil testing, which is sometimes called the "swinging flashlight test."
Pupils normally react both directly and indirectly to light stimulation. The reaction of the pupil of the eye receiving direct illumination is called the direct response; the reaction of the other pupil is called the consensual response.
The examiner may then turn up the room lights a bit and have you focus on a hand-held object while moving that object closer to your nose. This is a test of the accommodative response of your pupils.
If your pupils appear normal and respond normally, the clinician may record this popular acronym in your medical chart: PERRLA, which is an abbreviation for "pupils are equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation."
A pupil is abnormal if it fails to dilate in dim lighting or fails to constrict in response to light or accommodation.
SEE RELATED: Miosis: What causes constricted pupils?
Conditions That Affect The Pupil
A number of conditions can affect the size, shape and/or function of the pupil of the eye. These include:
Adie's tonic pupil. This is a pupil that has nearly no reaction to light (direct or consensual) and there is a delayed reaction to accommodation. Adie's tonic pupil (also called Adie's pupil, tonic pupil, or Adie's syndrome) usually affects only one eye, with the affected pupil being larger than the pupil of the unaffected eye. The cause of Adie's pupil usually is unknown; but it can be caused by trauma, surgery, lack of blood flow (ischemia) or infection.
Argyll Robertson pupil. This is a pupil that is not reactive to light (direct or consensual), but reaction to accommodation is normal. Argyll Robertson pupil usually affects both eyes, causing smaller-than-normal pupils that do not react to light. The condition is rare and the cause usually is unknown, but it has been associated with syphilis and with diabetic neuropathy.
Marcus Gunn pupil. Also called relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) or afferent pupillary defect, this is an abnormal result of the swinging-flashlight test where the patient's pupils constrict less (therefore appearing to dilate) when the light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye. The most common cause of Marcus Gunn pupil is damage in the posterior region of the optic nerve or severe retinal disease.
Trauma. Penetrating eye trauma that affects the iris is a common cause of abnormally shaped pupils. Similar trauma can occur in complications of cataract surgery, phakic IOL surgery or refractive lens exchange. Pupillary responses to light and accommodation often remain normal or nearly normal.
Sexual arousal. Recent research has confirmed that sexual arousal elicits a pupil dilation response, and that this response may be useful in sexuality research to evaluate sexual orientation.
